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3rd Mountain Infantry Division Ravenna
The 3rd Mountain Infantry Division (''Ravenna'') was a mountain infantry division of the Italian Army during World War II. Mountain divisions are not to be confused with the "Alpini" specialized mountain troops. The mountain divisions had pack horse artillery instead of the usual towed type. The Ravenna Division was mobilized for war in October 1939 in Alessandria.〔http://www.wwii-photos-maps.com/italianarmy/Order%20of%20Battle/slides/Italian%20Army%20OB%20%20067.html〕
==Action==
They were part of the Italian III Corps, First Army during the Italian invasion of France.〔Jowett, Philip S. ''The Italian Army 1940–45 (1): Europe 1940–1943''. Osprey, Oxford – New York, 2000, pp. 5–6, ISBN 978-1-85532-864-8〕 It reached a village of Fontan by 24 June 1940. In April, 1941 the ''Ravenna'' division was transferred to Yugoslavian border to Kobarid and Most na Soči.〔http://www.regioesercito.it/reparti/fanteria/rediv3.htm〕 They took part in the Invasion of Yugoslavia as part of the Italian XI Corps. It performed the mop-up duty in city of Škofja Loka from 14 April 1941 until 17 April 1941, before handing it over to German forces. Also, mop-up operations were performed near Mirna village. The ''Ravenna'' division was transferred to Pivka in early May, 1941 and then to Alessandria where it remained until 1942. The division was one of the twelve divisions that served on the Eastern Front as part of the Italian Army in Russia. First it was assigned positions at rear area of 35th corps, near Lozova. At middle July, 1942 ''Ravenna'' has arrived to Donetsk. 25 July 1942 it arrived to Luhansk. In August 1942, the ''Ravenna'' division took a defensive positions at Don river between Verhny Mamon and Boguchar. On these positions, ''Ravenna'' has beat off the Soviet assault from 20 August until 1 September 1942, recovering all initially lost positions. Extending to north, the ''Ravenna'' division has repelled another assault by Russian forces on Solonets, south of Voronezh, at 11 September 1942. By mid-November 1942, German intelligence had spotted the massing of the tanks of the Russian 5th Tank Army across the Don River, yet a German officer attached to the ''Cosseria'' wrote, that the morale of the division and neighbouring ''Ravenna'' was confident considering all the difficulties.〔''"In spite of the unfavourable balance of forces - the 'Cosseria' and the 'Ravenna' faced eight to nine Russian divisions and an unknown number of tanks - the atmosphere among Italian staffs and troops was certainly not pessimistic.... The Italians, especially the officers of the 'Cosseria', had confidence in what they thought were well built defensive positions."'' All or Nothing: The Axis and the Holocaust 1941-43, Jonathan Steinberg, p. ?, Routledge, 2003〕 At 11 December 1942, the Russian forces have started a new offense. Under intense pressure, some sub-units of ''Ravenna'' division near Verhny Mamon have surrendered, piercing the Axis frontline. By 17 December 1942, the Soviet forces have reached Chertkovo on the far rear of Axis forces, resulting in success of Operation Little Saturn, the Red Army's offensive operation which consisted of a pincer movement which threatened to cut off the forces attempting to reach Stalingrad. The 1st Guards Army and the 3rd Guards Army attacked from the north, encircling 130,000 soldiers of the Italian 8th Army on the Don and advancing to Millerovo. By that time, the bulk of ''Ravenna'' division forces was back to Luhansk. Nearby, the severely (9:1) outnumbered ''Cosseria'' divisions have resisted all attempts of Soviet 63rd Army to penetrate their lines from 11 December 1942 until 19 December 1942, winning praise from the Germans,〔''"During this phase, the Germans praised the steadfastness of Italian infantry, who held out tenaciously even in isolated strongpoints but eventually reached their breaking-point under this constant pressure. "'' The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers, Rolf-Dieter Müller, p. 83-84, I.B.Tauris, 28 Feb 2014〕 but eventually had to retreat after German reinforcements turned up late.〔''"The attack at dawn failed to penetrate fully at first and developed into a grim struggle with Italian strongpoints, lasting for hours. The Ravenna Division was the first to be overrun. A gap emerged that was hard to close, and there was no holding back the Red Army when it deployed the mass of its tank forces the following day. German reinforcements came too late in the breakthrough battle."'' The Unknown Eastern Front: The Wehrmacht and Hitler's Foreign Soldiers, Rolf-Dieter Müller, p. 84, I.B.Tauris, 28 Feb 2014〕 The German 298th Division, located between the Ravenna and Pasubio Divisions,〔'"Further down the Don River, the Russians made progress against the German 298th Division, which was deployed between Ravenna and Pasubio.'' The Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935-1943, Patrick Cloutier, p. 154, Lulu, 2013〕 retreated without authorization 〔'"The German 298th Division stopped taking orders from the Italian 35th Corps and began taking orders from the German staff of the Italian 29th Corps. The division retreated from its positions, and did not bother to inform General Francesco Zingales, the Italian commander of the 35th Corps.'' The Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935-1943, Patrick Cloutier, pp. 156-157, Lulu, 2013〕 as well as the German liaison officers attached to the Italian 29th Corps Headquarters, completely abandoning the fight and leaving the Italians alone to contain the Soviet attacks.〔'"Germans efforts to cut themselves loose from the Italians and escape on their own, brought little success: abandoning joint defense eased the Russian task of encircling Axis forces. The German 298th Division and the German staff of the Italian 29th Corps Headquarters still ended up behind enemy lines with their Italian comrades-in-arms.'' The Regio Esercito: The Italian Royal Army in Mussolini's Wars, 1935-1943, Patrick Cloutier, p. 157, Lulu, 2013〕
The Italian defense continued north of Luhansk at Donets river in Veselaya Gora - Stantsiya Lugansk area from 22 December 1942 until 30 December 1942. Elements of ''Ravenna'' division were also separated at Chertkovo, where it fought along with other German and Italian units until 23 December 1942. That surrounded detachment reached back to the frontline by 15 January 1943, and escaped encirclement to the village of Belovodsk north of Luhansk 17 January 1943.
From 1 January until 6 January 1943, the bulk of ''Ravenna'' division was defending west bank of Donets river, now subordinated to German army corps. The ''Ravenna'' division was effectively shattered 24 December 1942, than multiple breaks were developed in its combat formations, and remnants have fled to the south, reaching the Rovenky area from 27 December until 29 December 1942. The remnants of ''Ravenna'' division were back to Tuscany province of Italy in April, 1943. It performed the role of the mobile reserve of the Italian II Corps. The division was reforming, when Italy surrendered in 8 September 1943, it then surrendered to the Germans.〔
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